Building a New Electrical Control Panel

Building a New Electrical Control Panel

By Mike Vaccaro

Do you need a new panel? If your boat is older and has been neglected or had some dubious modifications made to either the AC or DC electrical system, a new panel may be warranted. However, the key to maintaining the system is to ensure that 1) wiring is in compliance with applicable standards and 2) all switches and circuit breakers are in good repair. All that may be required is a clean-up and reorganization of existing wiring—checking all connections and replacing connectors as required. Perhaps, the addition of a bus, terminal strip or both may be all that is required. If you have a significant "rats nest" in your junction box, a well organized breadboard may clean things up. Odds are, unless you have a serious corrosion problem, your old panel will be just fine. However, standards have changed over the years and while the stock panels are adequate, there are better components available for retrofit.

The problem

Our boat, a 1988, hull #563, came with a fully-developed "rat’s nest" behind the stock Seaward panel. AC and DC systems were not isolated from one another, and 16 years of neglect had taken their toll—including some fittings that had corroded through completely. One AC common fitting failed and grounded against a nearby DC ground. Fortunately, I was on the boat when this occurred and was able to power down and trouble shoot. The damage was confined to end of the AC wire that failed. If we weren’t onboard, however, there could have been a fire. This was sufficient motivation to clean up the entire electrical control system, including new panel components.

Figure 1 shows the original rat’s nest behind the stock Seaward panel. The basic Catalina wiring harness design was sound, and we were able to reuse most of the original wiring, although it was necessary to cut off corroded connectors and replace them. Our boat was equipped with tinned wire for the AC system, but all DC wiring was old-fashioned copper, and quite a bit of it was corroded. The factory schematics were largely useless due to years of modification. Additionally, the DC harness in our boat only used three colors (aside from the mast harness): red for power, black for ground and blue for the cabin light system. Although it’s tough to make out in the picture, there are a couple of "floating" terminal strips mixed up in the bundles of wire. At one time, these were glued to hull, but had come lose. Just forward of the panel was the GFI outlet that protects the cabin outlet circuit. Due to what turned out to be a bad dock receptacle and the convoluted wiring, it was tripping nearly constantly. The original panel had a single pole 30 amp AC breaker, and the reverse polarity indicator had been removed at some point in the past.

Figure 1. The original rat’s nest behind the stock panel.

The very first step in this project is to sort out the wiring. If you have a schematic, that’s a good place to start. It’s fairly easy to sort wires connected to a labeled switch. Ensure that you have plenty of masking tape available and a pen with permanent ink (that won’t smear when handled) so that you can label all of the wires during disassembly. All of the factory installed wiring in our boat terminated in the junction box behind the original panel. Label as much as you can, but chances are you’ll have a mystery wire or two left over! If your boat is older, you may also have wiring that doesn’t go anywhere. Now is a great time to remove the deadweight from the system. You might also consider adding wiring for future upgrades. For example we ran a new duplex wire aft for a future autopilot upgrade.

The factory-installed DC system is fairly easy to run down, even without an accurate schematic. And the AC system is relatively simple as well. There are two easy methods for "shooting" your wiring with a multi-meter to find out what’s what. The "no voltage" method is to do a continuity check on the circuit. This measures the resistance of the circuit. If the circuit is open (the appliance/device powered is turned off or disconnected), then resistance will be high. If you switch on the appliance, then resistance will be low. An alternate method is to use a low-voltage power supply. 12 Volt electrical items will usually run on 9 volts, and it’s fairly simple to build a 9 volt power supply out of a battery and a couple of connectors. If you add an AC-type plug, you can also use it for tracing AC wiring as well. Such a device is depicted in Figure 2. Using such a device eliminates the chance of a dead short, which can cause significant damage or injury especially if you have a high capacity (amperage) battery system.

Figure 2. 9-Volt Power Supply

Working safely

The safest way to work on your system is to power it down completely. Ensure that the shore power cord is completely removed so a Good Samaritan doesn’t plug it back in for you! If you have an inverter, ensure that it is completely de-powered, i.e., DC power leads must be removed. Many inverters go into a "sleep" mode if there are no AC draws on the system—this is not a safe mode! Even a 12-volt DC power system can develop amperages sufficient to injure or kill. If you’re the least bit unsure of how to proceed, ensure that you consult with a qualified marine electrician. Time spent studying a reliable text is time well spent before starting a project like this. Ensure that you discipline yourself to always power-down when you are working around a potential shock hazard. The temptation will always be high to avoid climbing up to the cockpit or over to the dock to disconnect wiring as your project progresses. Another safety aspect is to provide a power supply to your bilge pump. In all likelihood, it’s hotwired to the battery and should remain so throughout the project, except when you’re aboard working (you’ll need to remember to reconnect it at the end of every work session).

Checking for available space

Perhaps the most important consideration is the space available for a new electrical control panel. The obvious solution is to obtain a "drop in" replacement from either Catalina or Seaward Products. This should fit in the hole that your current panel occupies. However, the panels have changed over the years, and each hole is simply hand cut at the factory with a saber saw, so some trimming may be required. If you build your own panel, use standard components (e.g., Blue Sea Systems) or obtain a custom panel, you may have to enlarge the existing hole. If it’s necessary to enlarge the hole, this process is greatly simplified if you remove the nav desk. The nav desk is held in place with screws and several through bolts. The screws can be accessed from the inside of the nav desk. The nuts for the bolts can be accessed through the wet locker and behind the old electrical panel. If you chose to remove the nav table as the first step in your project, remember to disconnect the shore power and the negative battery terminal. This will eliminate any chance of shock or short when removing nuts in the junction box.

In our boat, the panel was mounted on a thin sheet of teak veneered plywood that is fit against the fiberglass liner. This veneer piece was simply cut to fit and not attached to the underlying fiberglass except with the six screws that held the Seaward Products electrical control panel in place. After removing the panel and the adjacent 110v AC outlet, the wood veneer simply popped out. Another small piece of teak molding was simply wedged in place.

The hole is cut through the hull liner. This is approximately ¼ to ½" thick, and varies throughout, primary at joints where extra glass was added. If your cut out requires you to cut close to adjacent bulkheads, you’ll have to cut through thicker substrate. I used a combination of handsaws that mounted a saber saw blade and an old-fashioned hand jig saw that allowed for blade angle adjustment. A grinding bit that could be chucked in a drill also proved handy. The hole was finished with a combination of hand planning, filing and sanding with a small Black and Decker "Mouse" random orbital sander. Also note that the top of the factory cutout is nearly adjacent with the top of the liner (see Figure 7), in other words, it’s not practical to cut the hole any larger along the top edge. I had to grind relief spaces into this thick fiberglass to accommodate the nuts on the back of the reinforcing angle stock at the top of our new panel.

Another option would be to give up the shelf immediately above the electrical control panel. This would require removing the fiddle strip and cutting away a portion of the shelf/liner. This would allow the use of a larger electrical panel as well as providing additional area behind the panel for a larger breadboard. There may be enough room for mounting additional electronics as well.

Building the Electrical Control Panel

To simplify future maintenance, I built a panel that includes all electrical control components except for the AC source switch (which allows us to toggle between generator or shore power) and a Link 10 battery monitor. A source switch (actually an AC "isolation" switch) is only required if your boat is equipped with a generator or inverter. Its purpose is to ensure that there is only one source of AC power, since having two sources switched on simultaneously can do serious damage to onboard AC equipment and the marina’s electrical system. Due to space limitations, it was necessary to mount the source/isolation switch and Link 10 monitor forward of the nav desk in the wet locker. Our panel design is hinged, allowing the entire control panel to drop down for access to all wiring. There are literally myriad ways to configure a panel, so we’ll confine this description to the options we chose and how we built this panel.

Figure 3. New Electrical Panel--Front View. Note 100 amp main DC breaker above main DC selector switch.

Our panel is built up using off-the-shelf Blue Sea Systems components. These are readily available through West Marine or discount sources. The primary design consideration is the amount of space available for the panel. Our panel uses just about all of the space adjacent to the nav table, and this somewhat complicated the installation since the existing hole had to be enlarged. The "guts" of the new panel are three 5.5 x 7.5" switch panels. One is used for AC systems and two for DC. A fourth panel is fitted with a 1/2/Both (main battery switch) and a 100-amp DC main circuit breaker. When these panels were purchased, each required 3 additional circuit breakers and LEDs as well as a backlight kit. The kits come with a basic label kit, which met nearly all of our needs, and Blue Sea offers hundreds of options. At the time we built our panel, individual labels could be ordered for 50 cents each. All circuit breaker positions were populated, and we left one spare AC circuit breaker and two spare DC circuit breakers available for future use.

Figure 4. New Electrical Panel Back View. Note 2 AWG Jumper Cables. It was necessary to put a 90-degree bend in the connectors to keep the runs fair.

) The Blue Sea panels were built up and the appropriate size circuit breakers were installed. All "stock" breakers (i.e., those supplied with the off-the-shelf panels) are 15 amps. When planning the panel, we took a look at all of our electrical needs and ordered the appropriately sized breakers. Keep in mind when designing a panel, most electronics are individually fused and thus can be run off of any "sized" circuit, but the main circuit must be able to accommodate total circuit amperage (i.e., all components operating simultaneously). We added a separate circuit for the autopilot, but all other electronics are powered by a single "Electronics" switch, which in turn energizes a fuse panel on the breadboard with individual leads for each piece of equipment. This eliminates the need for in-line fusing. Another fused bus runs our "Accessory" circuit. If components have an internal fuse (e.g., VHF, stereo, etc.), you can still wire it from the fuse panel. If you use a slightly smaller fuse (provided this is practical), it will simplify troubleshooting. This will ensure that the fuse at the panel will always blow first. The "panel" itself is ¼" thick black starboard. Since the Blue Sea components are stoutly constructed and the ¼" plastic material isn’t very stiff when the cutouts for the panels are made, the top and bottom of the panel are stiffened with aluminum angle stock. The angle at the bottom of the panel also makes a handy location for mounting a piano hinge. For a very neat installation, the holes in the hinge can be dimpled using aircraft dimple dies. If the angle stock is thin enough it can be dimpled or machine counter sunk. Number 8 flush screws are sufficient for this purpose. A sturdier panel could be made from aluminum stock (e.g., 1/8" thick), but it would be more difficult to make the cut-outs without the proper equipment. On our panel, we through bolted the aluminum angle stock for doublers along the top and bottom edge using number 8 screws that were countersunk into the starboard panel. The bottom doubler also serves as a convenient mounting surface for a piano hinge. When cutting out the hole for the panel, we had to relieve spaces for the nuts along the top edge (see Figure 7). This is a fairly thick laminate, so the easiest way to do this is to chuck up a cylindrical grinding bit in a drill. If you cut the hole large enough to accommodate the nuts, there isn’t sufficient backing to support the new panel. Another option would be to rivet the aluminum angle stock in place using flush rivets (flush on both sides—this would require the use of solid shank aircraft rivets). This would eliminate the need to relieve the underling laminate. Blue Sea components come with cutout templates. It is fairly straightforward to lay out these templates, and then mark the panel for cutting. A jig saw with a fine blade works well for cutting thin starboard. If desired, the edges can be finished with a file and/or sandpaper. Since our panel was only ¼ inch thick, we used machine screws and nuts to mount the Blue Sea components in place in lieu of the wood screws provided by Blue Sea for mounting. We had to finish populating each panel with circuit breakers, labels and backlighting kits prior to installing them in the main panel. This is much easier if you finish each individual sub panel before you mount them. Then, after mounting, connect the wiring for the backlighting as well as making appropriate sized jumpers. Remember to size the jumpers to carry 100% of the design circuit load. Our system uses 2 AWG wiring for the primary circuit. Building a "breadboard" After you’ve sorted out all of the wiring, and built or obtained a new electrical control panel, the next step is to build a breadboard behind the panel to simplify circuit lay-out and maintenance. This step is not absolutely necessary, since most quality electrical control panels will include all necessary breakers and busses, and theoretically, all wiring could terminate at the control panel board. In our boat, the factory glued three small strips of 1" by 1" soft pine to inside of the hull. The small stock busses were screwed into these strips, as were the two red DC "backlights." For our new panel, we needed more space to mount busses, terminal strips and a small fuse panel (which serves as our electronics buss). Additionally, I wanted an easy mounting for strain relief for all of the wires and bundles running to the control panel. The easiest way to organize everything is to mount a breadboard behind the panel. We used a piece of ¾" thick plastic starboard, but plywood would work just as well. Our board is 10" x 18". Keep in mind that plastic board can’t be glued, so if you choose to epoxy the board directly to the hull, you’ll have to use wood. We simply screwed the starboard to the existing strips. The screws were countersunk, so as not to interfere with the equipment and wiring mounted to the finished board. Also, although it should be obvious, use care when drilling into the area adjacent to the hull! You should never drill into the hull. The soft pine Catalina installed in our boat only required very shallow pilot holes with appropriately sized screws. To further permanently secure the board in place, I slathered some 3M fast cure 5200 on the mounting strips after all of the hardware was in place and circuits properly run. This allowed me to remove the board throughout the modification process for labeling, drilling etc. Figure 5 shows a picture of the AC side of the breadboard. Note the extent of the cut-out required in the liner. It literally uses all of the possible space available without removing the shelf. Also note the main GFI outlet has been relocated to forward of the nav table. The edge of the bottom cut is only about 1/8" above the top of the nav table. It would have been much easier to make the cutout with the nav table removed. If you look at Figures 6 and 7, you’ll see that the top edge of the cutout is flush with substrate that makes up the liner. The liner and shelf are a fairly substantial lay-up, about an inch thick. The semi-circle cutouts are relief areas to accommodate the mounting bolts on the back of the panel doubler. The top fiddle remained in place throughout the project. Figure 5. AC Side of the New Breadboard. It’s actually easier to "build" the breadboard in the shop. After you check it for fit and drill the mounting holes, it can be removed and returned to the bench. This will allow you to fit various size busses, terminal strips and fuse panels to find a configuration that works well, is organized and fits in the space available. The toughest part of this job is working in the small amount of space available. It is possible to populate the board with equipment while it’s installed, but if you’re designing a system from scratch it’s easier on the bench. Another advantage of building "on the bench" allows you to easily write on the board, which is a very handy way to label circuits. If you do assemble your system in the boat, you may consider buying numerous components so you’ll have several options on hand—you can return the unused items after the fact. But you’ll save a great deal of transportation time by having numerous components on hand. In our project we ended up using 2 ten-position terminal strips (with jumpers to convert them into busses) and 1 eight-position terminal strip on the AC side of the board. Using terminal strips with jumpers allows you the flexibility to configure them as required verses using bus strips. When space is a factor, this is definitely the way to go. On the DC side, we used a fuse panel for electronics and accessory items and a small sub-buss for cabin lighting. On both sides (AC and DC), there is sufficient space to add additional circuits in the future. Wiring The first step is to organize a "bypass" conduit. This is all of the wiring that passes through the junction box but is not wired to either the breadboard or the panel. Bundling these wires will make access to breadboard easier. The bypass conduit we built is shown in Figure 6. An alternative would have been to route this wiring below the breadboard. The second step is to wire the breadboard. It is easiest to completely wire the breadboard before you install the new panel. Make every effort to ensure that AC and DC systems are physically isolated. On our boat, the left side is devoted to AC and the right to DC. Figure 7 is a picture of the DC side of the board. Ideally, the AC and DC systems would terminate at different junction boxes, but this is not the case with stock system. Additionally, our board ended up being 10 x 18 inches. This does not leave excessive space for laying out buss strips, fuse panels and wire bundles. When designing the layout of the board, don’t forget to accommodate the length of the connectors that you’ll use. As a technique, you can screw some connectors in place to serve as a guide. A good rule of thumb is to leave at least 2 inches between terminal strips to allow for wire runs. Figure 6. Bypass Conduit. This is the top of the junction box. As an alternative, this conduit could be mounted below the breadboard as well. Figure 7. DC Side of the Breadboard. Pick a system and finish it up before you proceed to the other side. We started with AC. Since all AC circuits share common and ground busses, this is fairly straightforward. In the U.S., all AC wiring uses a standard color code and Catalina boats are no exception. Black is "hot," white is "common" (or "grounding") and green is "ground" (or "grounded). The only exception to this standard color code on our boat was the two Guest battery chargers. They each had an AC plug cut off and were hard wired to the buss. Turns out the yellow/green wire was the ground, blue was common and brown was hot. If any AC wiring is non-standard, ensure that you check the manual before you hook it up to avoid reverse polarity. After you wire the common and the ground busses, the only remaining work is to tie together any hot leads you wish to run off a common circuit breaker. On our boat, we ran the two battery chargers off a single breaker and set up the AC outlets in a similar manner. To build these separate "hot" busses, we used a terminal strip with jumpers. By jumping a terminal strip, you can actually make several busses on one strip. After completing the breadboard, there are only a few wires to hook up to the circuit breakers on the panel as well as two jumpers from the common and ground busses. On our board, the top bus is the ground buss. All posts are jumped on this 10 position terminal strip. The next buss down is the AC common buss (the white wire). All common wires terminate at this buss. This is also a 10 post terminal strip, but a portion (the last three posts) are not jumped to the others. This allows the last three posts to serve as the GFI common bus. To understand this, it’s necessary to explain the outlet wiring logic. The "outlet" switch on the main AC panel goes to the GFI "in" (technically called the "line" side). The GFI "out" (technically called the "load" side) common then terminates here. The outlets protected by the GFI then have there common wires tied to this load output from the GFI. The bottom AC buss serves as a "hot" buss for multiple appliances controlled by a single switch on the master AC panel. The left portion of the buss provides power to the two battery chargers and the right portion provides a common "hot" buss for all of the AC outlets. In most cases, there was sufficient wire available to build the new bundles, but in a couple of cases, it was necessary to splice an extension on to the pigtails. Permanent labels were attached to all wires and a new schematic was drawn during assembly. Wires were trimmed to allow easy bundling prior to installing the end connectors. All connecters were crimped and shrink-wrapped. All AC components are sized to handle at least 30 amps. Appropriately sized circuit breakers protect individual circuits, and outlets are rated for circuit size. Outlet rating is only important for our air conditioning circuit, which is a 20-amp circuit. All outlets are heavy duty. Although we replaced all of the outlets on board, the original AC system was not in bad shape despite 16 years in a saltwater environment. This is a testament to the use of tinned wire and properly crimped and sealed connections. One thing that’s a bit different about our AC system is the SeaPower unit we have installed. This is a 5KW engine-driven alternator system that is mounted at the base of the engine and capable of producing AC power when the engine is running. It takes about 3 horsepower to produce each kilowatt of electricity, so this unit can severely strain the 23 horsepower M-25XPA we have in our boat. These units are not recommended for small engines, but it was installed in the boat (and still worked!) when we bought it; so we’ve continued to maintain it. This second source of AC power requires use of an AC source or "isolation" switch. The function of this switch is to ensure that two sources of AC power are not simultaneously connected to the AC system. This type of switch is also required for generator and some inverter installations. This switch is mounted forward of the nav table and accessed via the wet locker. The white starboard panel covers the hole that the pre-historic LORAN was mounted in and also has the mounting bracket for the stereo control head/CD player. Figure 8. AC Isolation Switch Figure 9. Rear View of Switch DC Systems The DC system was a more complicated modification than the AC side. Our boat still had much of the original wiring installed, and had no battery monitor or fusing installed. So the project started at the battery box. We added a 150 amp main fuse to the positive DC wire as well as replacing all factory installed wiring (4 AWG) with new, tinned 2 AWG wire. Our house bank consists of four Trojan T-105 6 volt golf cart batteries for a total of 440 amp hours of capacity. These four batteries fit in the battery box, and there is sufficient room for the fuse, a shunt on the negative side for a Link 10 battery monitor and a 150 amp-rated ground buss. The only systems connected directly to the battery are the bilge pumps, battery chargers and Link 10 battery monitor. In-line fusing is used immediately adjacent to the mounting posts. All cables and fuses are labeled and spare fuses are stored adjacent. The DC side of the breadboard consists of 20 fuse panels, a heavy-duty DC ground buss and small lighting sub-buss. The use of the fuse panels eliminates all in-line fusing. And if a piece of equipment has an internal fuse, the fuse at the panel is one size smaller to simplify troubleshooting. One fuse panel is used to power "accessory" equipment (fans, stereo, etc.) and the other "electronics" (speed, depth, GPS, etc.). A separate circuit is provided for the autopilot. Each fuse panel supports six sub circuits, which allow for adding equipment in the future. If you design a system using this technique, keep in mind that the main breaker must be sized to support the nominal maximum load when all six circuits are hot. For most equipment the draw is small, but if you are powering anything that requires 20-30 amps (e.g., a stereo amplifier), you’ll need to ensure that the primary switch/CB is sufficiently sized to avoid tripping if everything were to be turned on at once. The factory installed DC harness was easily adapted to the new panel, and the old wires were of sufficient length that they could be cut back far enough to remove most corrosion and accept new connectors prior to bundling and attachment. All DC wiring that ran through the bilge area (primarily bilge pump wiring) that was not tinned required replacement due to corrosion. The Blue Sea panels we used to build our system included ground busses, and we utilized those in our installation. An alternative would be to attach a large (e.g., 20 terminal) buss to the breadboard for grounding all circuits. We chose not to do this simply because the breadboard was populated, and there wasn’t sufficient room. If you do chose to use a common ground in this manner, ensure that it’s capable of bearing the entire load. For example, our system is sized for 150 total amps. The individual Blue Sea panels sized for 100 amps. There is a 100 amp main DC breaker as well as 150 amp battery fuse. Because of the main breaker, this is adequate as the 150 amp fuse need only protect the positive lead from the battery to the selector switch (i.e., it’s only serving as a backup). If the 100 amp breaker were not installed, then it would be appropriate to size the battery fuse for the system rating—in this case, 100 amps since the fuse now becomes the primary system protection. Click on thumbnails to enlarge Figure 10. Main AC Bundle Figure 11. Main DC Bundle Figure 12. Heavy Duty DC Ground Figure 13. Nearly Finished Breadboard You’ll note if you study Figure 11 that the only color-coding used in our factory harness was red for hot, black for ground. The mast harness uses all red wiring, with color-coded stripes (the color coding of the stripes conformed to the electrical schematic—this was the only portion of our system beside the cabin lights that did). Aside from the blue wiring of the cabin lights, the only portion of the harness that matched the factory schematic was the mast harness. Fortunately, when removing the old panel, it was easy to label all of the wires as they were removed from their switches. Battery Box Modifications Our boat had a smaller rat’s nest in the battery box. There was no fuse protection, and our new system has a Link 10 battery monitor. These two factors caused us to modify the equipment in the battery box to accommodate the Link 10, and add fuse protection for the main DC positive line. Since the Link 10 requires the use of a shunt in the negative line, we also chose to add another buss on the "output" side of the shunt to simplify wiring. Figure 14 is a top view of the 4 house batteries, and Figure 15 shows the fuse, shunt and DC buss. All primary wiring is new. We had just enough room in the sub-sole conduits to fit the larger gauge wiring. The large gray cable hanging to the left in Figure 15 is the wiring harness for the Link 10 monitor, which wasn’t hooked up when these pictures were taken, nor are the battery hold-downs installed. Figure 14. House Batteries Figure 15. Battery Box Mods Installing the Main Panel Our new panel uses a piano hinge installed along the bottom edge to allow easy access to the back of the panel. This required the addition of a teak strip inside the junction box. There’s a good view of this strip in Figure 10. Note that the liner is only about ¼" thick at this point. If you fit a similar strip, it will be necessary to trim the edge prior to gluing it with epoxy, since the inside of the liner is not a straight edge. If your nav table is removed when you install a new panel, you’ll have a good surface for clamping this strip in place. If not, there is only a small edge for clamping. I used spring clamps with the plastic tips removed to improve the grip along the available edge. When building the panel, I drilled and dimpled the mounting holes to accommodate a #8 flush head screw. To mount the panel, it was held in place and the orientation of the hinge was noted and a mark was made on the liner at each end. I then removed the hinge from the lower doubler on the panel and then used it as a jig to drill the holes in the mounting strip. After re-installing the hinge on the panel, it was then set in place in the opening. Since our panel filled all of the available space, it was necessary to shift it during final assembly, so there’s no sense screwing it into the mounting strip until you’ve made all the hook-ups. Figure 16. Back of the New Panel. Just like the breadboard assembly, the best way to hook up the panel is to pick a system and finish it prior starting on the other side. I started with the AC side since access to the hot leads was fairly tight and required me to shift the panel to allow access with a small screwdriver. The AC hot leads are immediately adjacent to the forward face of the Nav Station. Assembly would have been simplified if I had inverted all of the AC breakers to put the hot leads aft (to the right in this picture). However, although assembly is somewhat complicated by the standard orientation of the breakers in the panel, it ensures that all switches operate with the same "logic": aft is ON and forward is OFF. This has the ergonomic advantage of making it less likely that a switch position is screwed up. When making connections, wires are trimmed to simplify bundling and plenty of nylon zip ties are used to keep things in order. If your panel is hinged, the "pigtails" need not be as long as on a removable panel—only long enough to allow the panel to hinge down to the open position. If your panel is not hinged, you should ensure that the harness is long enough to allow the panel to be removed and sufficient access exists for future maintenance. Most of the DC harness is the original factory wiring, note that all power leads are a universal red! In addition to a schematic, an inexpensive label maker goes a long way to simplifying future maintenance. Don’t bother with the expensive plastic label material, since it’s difficult to attach to small diameter wires. The inexpensive white paper label stock works the best. All AC triplex wiring can be labeled with permanent ink as well. The Blue Sea fuse panels accommodate standard Blue Sea labels as well as the homemade variety. The new panel filled up almost all of the space available on the liner above the nav table, so I made no attempt to build a teak panel to hide the liner face, although it was necessary to make to small trim strips on the aft end. These are mounted in place with a few dabs of silicone. An alternative would be to use a thin plywood laminate that is glued to the liner and trimmed to accommodate the cut-out. In our installation, so little of the liner is exposed, it didn’t make sense to spend the time required for this—especially when you consider that the forward face of the nav station is bare fiberglass as well. Figure 17. Finished Breadboard Figure 18. Finished Panel Lessons Learned A bit of studying and a good multi-meter go a long way! We used Calder’s "Boat Owner’s Mechanical and Electrical Manual" as our primary source. The time spent prior to the project designing the panel was time well spent, since the panel took up almost all of the space available, it took a while to shoehorn everything in place. Installation would have been much simpler with the nav desk removed—it would have also eased the back strain of leaning over the desk for a couple of days while working! If you look closely at Figure 16, you might note that the AC hot (power) leads are at the far forward edge of the panel. It was impossible to get a screwdriver in place to attach them with the panel hinged in place—I had to remove it several times during fitting. Hence the recommendation to leave it disconnected from the liner until assembly is complete. A clever solution to this problem would be to simply invert all of the AC breakers in the panel during panel build-up. Figure 19. Finished Nav Station DC hook-up and power-up went without a hitch; but we had some problems with the AC system. After almost two days of troubleshooting, we finally found the cause—a bad dock receptacle! This should be obvious, but I’m not the sharpest tool in the shed and it took a careful re-read of the repair manual, which said, in effect, that all AC troubleshooting should start with the dock power! But at least we’ve got all new receptacles in the boat and 100% confidence in the new system. This is a fairly complicated project that actually took a couple hundred hours to complete, including time spent designing and acquiring parts. This is not the time to skimp on parts. After several trips to the store, I simply bought anything that I thought might be handy and then kept all the receipts. After finishing the project, I had a box of unused items that I returned to the store. The parts that always seemed in short supply were properly sized connectors and quality shrink-wrap. We used all marine-grade parts in an attempt to mitigate corrosion. I also made liberal use of Boeing T-9 and dielectric silicone throughout assembly. Total cost was about 1200 dollars for parts, and we were fortunate to obtain all of the Blue Sea components at "cost." This price also included a Link 10 battery monitor and a significant amount of new wire as well as all of the components necessary to build the breadboard. The drop-in replacement Seward panel sure doesn’t seem very expensive in retrospect! This project would have been simplified if a smaller panel were installed. The easiest change would be to remove the 1/2/Both panel and move it to an alternate location. Another option would be to consolidate some of the DC circuits to eliminate the need for a second panel. Although the panel and breadboard look complicated, they are not. It’s just a matter of working one circuit at a time. No specialized tools beyond a good crimper, heat gun and wire stripper are required. The hardest part of the project turned out to be cutting the hole! Now we’re familiar with every wire on the boat and 100% confidence both the AC and DC electrical systems.